[pinkkisses-xo]

I'm doing a science project on hormone replacement an di have a few questions1. What part of the cell do steroid hormones act on?2. When testosterone enters a skeletal muscle cell it promotes synthesis of proteins which will affect muscular strength. Describe where and how proteins are made inside a cell.

[ATP-Man]

Hormone Types:1). Steroid: fat-soluble molecules produced from cholesterol. Sex hormones are examples of these.2). Hormones derived from amino acids: most frequently derived from tyrosine are small and water soluble. Example epinephrine.3). Peptide hormones: derived from chains of amino acids, or peptides. May act as signal molecules in nervous and endocrine systems.B). Pheromones: chemical signals that function between animals of the same species. Small amounts are used to attract mates, act as territorial markers, or act as an alarm substance.C. Local Regulators: chemical messengers that affect target cells close to their point of secretion. Neurotransmitters, histamine and interleukins.D. Prostaglandins: Modified fatty acids released into extra cellular fluid to function as local regulators. Derived from lipids in the plasma membrane. They work in antagonistic actions. May induce fever and inflammation.Mechanism Of Hormone ActionA. Steroid Hormones and Gene Expression. These hormones pass through the target cell and into the nucleus where they bind to a receptor protein. Here they activate certain genes.B. Peptide Hormones and Second Messengers. They are unable to pass through the plasma membrane and have different methods of action. They attach to their receptors in the target cell surface and influence activity within the cell through cytoplasmic intermediates called second messengers.The two most important messengers are cAMP and inositol triphosphate.Cyclic AMP: ATP is converted into cAMP after a series of reactions on the plasma membrane following the attachment of the hormone to the membrane. cAMP relays the signal from the membrane to the metabolic machinery of the cytoplasm.Inositol Triphosphate: Involves the use of Ca+2 that regulates cellular protein activity.